This list of special key combinations has been compiled for your information. I cannot always verify the information so if there is an error please let me know. I have not included special Finder keys or standard CMD-SHIFT-# shortcuts because Apple has done such a good job of documenting them in the Finder Help.

Apple Boot Key Combos:

Bypass startup drive and boot from external (or CD).... CMD-OPT-SHIFT-DELETE

Boot from CD (Most late model Apples) ................. C

Force the internal hard drive to be the boot drive .... D

Boot from a specific SCSI ID #.(#=SCSI ID number)...... CMD-OPT-SHIFT-DELETE-#

Zap PRAM .............................................. CMD-OPT-P-R

Boot into open Firmware ............................... CMD-OPT-O-F

Clear NV RAM. Similar to reset-all in open Firmware ... CMD-OPT-N-V

Disable Extensions .................................... SHIFT

Rebuild Desktop ....................................... CMD-OPT

Close finder windows.(hold just before finder starts).. OPT

Boot with Virtual Memory off........................... CMD

Trigger extension manager at boot-up................... SPACE

Force Quadra av machines to use TV as a monitor........ CMD-OPT-T-V

Boot from ROM (Mac Classic only)....................... CMD-OPT-X-O

Force PowerBooks to reset the screen................... R

Force an AV monitor to be recognized as one............ CMD-OPT-A-V

Eject Boot Floppy...................................... Hold Down Mouse Button

Select volume to start from............................ OPT

Start in Firewire target drive mode.................... T

Startup in OSX if OS9 and OXS in boot partition........ X or CMD-X

Attempt to boot from network server ................... N
   (Hold until Mac Logo appears)

Hold down until the 2nd chime, will boot into 9?....... CMD-OPT

OSX: Watch the status of the system load............... CMD-V

OSX: Enter single-user mode (shell-level mode)......... CMD-S

After startup:

Bring up dialogue for shutdown/sleep/restart........... POWER

Eject a Floppy Disk.................................... CMD-SHIFT-1 or(2) or (0)

Force current app to quit.............................. CMD-OPT-ESC

Unconditionally reboot................................. CTRL-CMD-POWER

Fast Shutdown.......................................... CTRL-CMD-OPT-POWER

Goto the debugger (if MacsBug is installed)............ CMD-POWER

Reset Power Manager on PowerBooks...................... USE THIS LINK

Put late model PowerBooks & Desktops to sleep.......... CMD-OPT-POWER

Application Specific Keys:

Startup key combos to reset the resolution on video boards:

SuperMac (at least some models)press&hold.............. OPT

Imagine 128 Card (reset resolution).................... N

RasterOps (at least some models)press&hold............. CMD-OPT-SHIFT

Radius (Use cable sense pins to set resolution)........ U

Radius (Cycle through available resolutions)........... T


Conflict Catcher:

Pause Boot........................................... P

Launch CC at Startup................................. SPACE or CAPS LOCK

Skip remaining extensions............................ CMD-PERIOD

Reboot cleanly while loading extensions.............. CMD-R


RAM Doubler:

Disable at Startup................................... ~ (Tilde) or ESC


Apple System Installer:

Change custom install to clean install............... CMD-Shift-K


Claris Emailer:

Bypass specified startup connections................. Hold CMD at launch

Bring up rebuild options............................. Hold OPT at launch

Controlling the Post-Startup Environment

Most Macintosh users know about holding the Shift key down to prevent extensions from loading, but there are numerous startup modifiers that affect the state of the system after the boot process finishes.

* Shift causes the Mac to boot without extensions, which is useful for troubleshooting extension conflicts. If you hold down Shift after all the extensions have loaded but before the Finder launches, it also prevents any startup items from launching.

* Spacebar launches Apple's Extensions Manager early in the startup process so you can enable or disable extensions before they load. Casady & Greene's Conflict Catcher, if you're using it instead of Extensions Manager, also launches if it sees you holding down the spacebar, or, optionally, if Caps Lock is activated. Conflict Catcher also adds the capability to configure additional startup keys as ways of specifying that a particular startup set should be used. Choose Edit Sets from the Sets menu, select a set in the resulting dialog and click Modify. In the sub-dialog that appears, you can specify a startup key and check the checkbox to make it effective.

* Option, if held down as the Finder launches, closes any previously open Finder windows. On stock older Macs, holding down Option does nothing at startup by default, although some extensions may deactivate if Option is held down when they attempt to load; see below for Option's effect on new Macs and Macs with Zip drives.

* Control can cause the Location Manager to prompt you to select a location. Although Control is the default, you can redefine it in the Location Manager's Preferences dialog, and since Control held down at startup also activates Apple's MacsBug debugger (see below), you may wish to pick a different key combination.

* Command turns virtual memory off until the next restart.

* Shift-Option disables extensions other than Connectix's RAM Doubler (and MacsBug - see below). To disable RAM Doubler but no other extensions, hold down the tilde (~) key at startup.

Not surprisingly, many of the startup modifiers affect the disk used to boot the Mac. A number of these are specific to certain models of the Macintosh.

* The mouse button causes the Mac to eject floppy disks and most other forms of removable media, though not CD-ROMs.

* The C key forces the Mac to start up from a bootable CD-ROM, if one is present, which is useful if something goes wrong with your startup hard disk. This key doesn't work with some older Macs or clones that didn't use Apple CD-ROM drives; they require Command- Shift-Option-Delete instead (see below).

* Option activates the new Startup Manager on the iBook, Power Mac G4 (AGP Graphics), PowerBook (FireWire), and slot-loading iMacs. The Startup Manager displays a rather cryptic set of icons indicating available startup volumes, including any NetBoot volumes that are available. On some Macs with Iomega Zip drives, holding down Option at startup when there is a Zip startup disk inserted will cause the Mac to boot from the Zip disk.

* Command-Shift-Option-Delete bypasses the disk selected in the Startup Disk control panel in favor of an external device or from CD-ROM (on older Macs). This is also useful if your main hard disk is having problems and you need to start up from another device. (On some PowerBooks, however, this key combination merely ignores the internal drive, which isn't as useful.)

* The D key forces the PowerBook (Bronze Keyboard and FireWire) to boot from the internal hard disk.

* The T key forces the PowerBook (FireWire) (and reportedly the Power Mac G4 (AGP Graphics), though I was unable to verify that on my machine) to start up in FireWire Target Disk Mode, which is essentially the modern equivalent of SCSI Disk Mode and enables a PowerBook (FireWire) to act as a FireWire-accessible hard disk for another Macintosh.

Only programmers and the most geeky of users will find these startup modifiers useful.

* Control activates Apple's MacsBug debugger as soon as it loads. If you rely on this frequently, you may want to redefine the default key for selecting the Location Manager location at startup from Control to something else.

* Shift-Option disables extensions and virtual memory but still loads MacsBug, which would otherwise be disabled by the Shift key.

* Command-Option-O-F puts you into Open Firmware mode on PCI-based Macs and clones. Open Firmware is a cross-platform firmware standard for controlling hardware that all PCI-based Macs use. It's mostly of interest to hardware developers, but it can be a fun way to freak out a new user who's not expecting to see a command line on the Mac. To exit Open Firmware and continue booting, type "mac-boot" or "bye" (depending on Macintosh model) and press Return. For a list of commands you can enter while in Open Firmware mode, see the Tech Info Library article.

Although Apple has moved away from relatively frivolous "Easter Eggs" connected with startup modifiers, there are a few available for old Macintosh models.

* Command-X-O, when held down at startup on a Macintosh Classic boots the Classic from a built-in ROM disk.

* Command-Option-C-I, when held down at startup on a Macintosh IIci whose date has been set to 20-Sep-89 (the machine's introduction date), produces some sort of graphical display that I can't check for lack of a relevant machine. A different display appears if you hold down Command-Option-F-X at startup on a Macintosh IIfx with the date set to 19-Mar-90.

Jim A. Creak
Last modified: 09 March 2010.